Vertical Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Fine Root Parameters for Apple Trees of Different Ages on the Loess Plateau of China

The vertical distribution pattern and seasonal dynamics of fine root parameters for the apple trees of different ages （3, 10, 15, and 20 years old） on the Loess Plateau of China were studied. Soil coring method was used to determine the vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of fine roots at different root radial distances （1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m from the main tree trunk）. The fine root biomass density （FRD）, fine root length density （RLD）, and specific root length （SRL）, as well as soil water content and soil temperature were also measured. The FRD and RLD for the 10, 15, and 20 years old trees reached peak values in the 20-30 cm soil layer. For the 3 years old tree, the highest FRD and RLD were observed in the 10-20 cm soil layer. The FRD and RLD decreased with increased soil depth from the 10-20 or 20-30 cm soil layer for all age apple trees. The SRL declined with the increase of tree age. The FRD at the 1.0 m radial distance from the main tree trunk was higher than that at other radial distances in the 3 and 10 years old orchard. However, in the 15 and 20 years old orchards, especially the 20 years old orchard, the FRD at the 2.0 m radial distance was nearly equal to or higher than that at the 1.0 and 1.5 m radial distances. For all the root radiuses or the tree ages, the FRD, RLD, and SRL were the highest in spring and the lowest in autumn. The age of an apple tree does not affect the vertical distribution pattern but the biomass of fine roots and the SRL. Radial distance affects the root horizontal distribution of 3 and 10 years old trees but the 15 and 20 years old trees. Additionally, effects of soil temperature and soil moisture on fine root distribution or seasonal dynamics are not significant.     

两种水分条件下真菌接种及氮肥施加对小麦生长、生理及氮磷吸收的影响

为探究不同水分条件下真菌接种和氮肥施加对小麦生长、水分利用效率及营养吸收的影响，以小麦品种Superb为材料，选取丛枝菌根接种（接种和不接种）和氮肥施加（0 kg·hm^-2和180 kg·hm^-2）在两个水分处理（拔节期开始，水分充足95%（WW）和水分胁迫40%田间持水量（WD））的温室条件下进行试验，分析开花期生长及叶片气体交换参数和成熟期产量及籽粒、茎秆氮磷含量的变化，最后对水分利用效率和籽粒、茎秆氮磷含量作了相关性分析。结果显示：两种水分条件下接种丛枝菌根（AMF）均显著提高旗叶的比叶面积（SLA）,其中，水分胁迫处理施氮显著降低叶片SLA，AMF接种显著增大叶片的相对含水量（RWC）;两种水分条件下，菌根接种和氮肥（N）施加均显著提高叶片净光合速率（Pn）和蒸腾速率（Tr）,其中，水分胁迫处理下，AMF接种对Pn的影响显著，N肥施加和AMF接种后的Pn比CK高31%;两种水分处理下，N肥施加和AMF接种后小麦WUE和瞬时水分利用效率（WUEi）值升高，其中，水分胁迫环境下，AMF接种和N肥施加下小麦WUE分别提高了13.02%和1.17%，且不同处理下叶片稳定性碳同位素分辨率（CID）也有所升高。水分胁迫处理下，施N和AMF接种均显著提高小麦茎和籽粒氮含量、株高、生物量和产量，茎秆和籽粒的磷含量也显著升高。WUE与籽粒、茎秆氮、磷含量呈显著的正相关，CID与籽粒、茎秆氮磷含量呈显著负相关关系。总的来说，N肥施加和AMF接种可显著改善小麦在干旱条件下的生长及生理变化。     

干旱高温胁迫对小麦生长及木聚糖含量的影响

选取两个水分处理(拔节期开始,95%和40%田间持水量)、两个温度水平(孕穗期开始,昼/夜温度分别为25℃/15℃和35℃/25℃)和两个春小麦品种(Superb和AC Crystal)在温室条件下进行试验,分析了小麦不同生育期生长及开花期叶片气体交换参数和成熟期产量及木聚糖含量的变化。结果表明:高温处理下Superb成熟时间比适温处理下提前20天,AC Crystal提前21天;孕穗期高温干旱两种胁迫均显著降低了小麦的株高,并且两种因子结合后产生的作用最强,其中,Superb的株高降低了16.7%,AC Crystal降低了30.6%;两个小麦品种生育后期以AC Crystal的分蘖数较多,孕穗期温度水分适宜条件下AC Crystal分蘖数比Superb高18.7%,但其对温度敏感性较强。高温干旱显著降低了叶片气体交换参数的值,Superb在干旱高温条件下Pn比其在温度水分适宜条件下降低了68.9%。高温增加了小麦籽粒木聚糖的含量,特别是水溶性木聚糖(WEAX),干旱环境下高温处理使得Superb的WEAX升高了49%;木聚糖含量与叶片各气体交换指标参数和产量之间呈显著的负相关关系。     

光强对黑麦草萌发生长、叶片叶绿素含量及光系统II的影响

以常见景观植物黑麦草为试验材料,探究6种不同光照强度对水培黑麦草萌发生长、叶片叶绿素含量和光系统Ⅱ的影响。结果表明:光强为300μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时水培黑麦草萌发及生长最好,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数分别为93%、23.67%、57.28和211.58,根长、芽长分别为3.04 cm和4.01 cm,该光强下叶片叶绿素含量显著高于其它光强处理(P0.05),叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素含量分别为0.71、0.27 mg·g~(-1)和0.98 mg·g~(-1);随着光强的增强,最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学性能指数(PIabs)呈现先升高后下降的趋势,300μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)光强下Fm、Fv/Fm和PIabs值都达到最大;叶绿素荧光快速诱导曲线(OJIP)受光强影响较大,以I点差异较显著,对OJIP曲线进行标准化后差异较小;OJIP曲线参数分析表明PSII供体侧在6组光强下无显著差异,随着光强增强,单位反应中心吸收(ABS/RC)、捕获(TRo/RC)和传递(ETo/RC)也随着增强,但单位反应中心热耗散(DIo/RC)减小,PSII受体侧在500μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)条件下电子传递受阻。